Swarm Learning is a decentralized approach to machine learning. During the last couple of years, researchers are increasingly exploring this approach in terms of its potential to enable collaboration between humans and AI systems. Swarm learning is grounded on the concept of swarm intelligence, where multiple agents work together to solve problems, similar to how social insects like bees and ants operate. In scenarios where humans and AI are modeled as swarm nodes, this collaboration can lead to enhanced decisionmaking and problemsolving capabilities. Understanding Human and AI Collaboration in Swarm Learning In Swarm Learning, both humans and AI systems can act as nodes within a network, contributing their unique strengths to achieve a common goal. This collaboration is facilitated by advanced algorithms that allow for real-time interaction and decision-making. For instance, the Swarm AI platform developed by Unanimous AI enables human groups to work alongside AI agents to make decisions collectively. This system is inspired by the natural behaviour of swarms and uses machine learning algorithms to moderate interactions, which ensures that both human insights and AI capabilities are considered and leveraged effectively. One practical example of this collaboration can be found in the field of healthcare, where Swarm Learning has been used to improve diagnostic accuracy. Relevant diagnostics use cases combine the expertise of human practitioners with AI models, to achieve a considerable reduction in diagnostic errors when compared to individual or AI-only assessments. This example illustrates how human intuition and AI precision can be synergistically combined to enhance outcomes. Other examples can be found in the financial industry, where Swarm Learning can be used to enhance predictive analytics and risk management. For example, financial institutions can use swarm systems to collaboratively analyse market trends and make investment decisions. Based on the integration of insights from human analysts and AI models, these systems can provide more accurate forecasts and identify potential risks more effectively. Benefits of Modelling Humans and AI as Swarm Nodes In principles, the modelling of humans and AI systems as swarm nodes offers the following benefits: ∙Enhanced Decision Making: The combination of human intuition with AI’s data processing capabilities in the scope of swarm systems can lead to more accurate and reliable decisions. This is particularly beneficial in complex non-deterministic scenarios where diverse perspectives are needed. ∙Real-Time Collaboration: Swarm Learning allows for dynamic and real-time interaction between humans and AI, which enables quick adaptation to changing conditions and immediate feedback loops. ∙Scalability and Flexibility: The decentralized nature of swarm systems ensures that they can easily scale by adding more nodes, whether human or AI, without significant changes to the underlying infrastructure. ∙Data Privacy and Security: In swarm learning data remains local to each node as nodes share insights only. This maintains high levels of data privacy and security, which is particularly beneficial in applications dealing with sensitive data like healthcare. Challenges in Human-AI Swarm Collaboration Despite its potential, there are challenges to implementing Swarm Learning effectively. These challenges explain why smart learning deployments are not widespread when it comes to distributed learning. Some of the main challenges include: ∙Complexity of Coordination: Ensuring seamless collaboration between human and AI nodes requires sophisticated algorithms and infrastructure, which can be complex to develop and maintain. ∙Balancing Human and AI Inputs: Determining the optimal balance between human intuition and AI-driven insights can be challenging, especially in scenarios where they may conflict. ∙Ethical and Legal Considerations: The use of AI in decision-making raises questions about accountability and fairness, which need to be addressed to ensure ethical outcomes. ∙Lack of widely adopted open sources implementation: Contrary to other distributed learning paradigms (e.g., Federated Learning) there are very few popular and mature swarm learning platforms in the open-source community, which is a setback to research. To alleviate this limitation, many research groups develop custom swarm learning infrastructures leveraging decentralized middleware such as blockchain systems. Swarm Learning in HumAIne HumAIne adapts, tests and validates several AI paradigms that foster human and AI systems collaboration, including active learning, swarm learning and neurosymbolic learning. These paradigms are integrated and deployed in various use cases. The swarm learning approach is currently integrated in two use cases: ∙Healthcare Diagnostics for Breast Cancer (led by HumAIne partners EBIT and InnovationSprint): HumAIne tests swarm learning in collaborative diagnostics scenarios involving oncologists, pathologists, and AI specialists. Clinical data are integrated with expert insights to enhance treatment decision-making. ∙Production Scheduling in Manufacturing (led by HumAIne partner DKFI): HumAIne tests swarm learning technology in a scenario involving the integration of a flexible and secure scheduling algorithm into a real production system. One of the main value propositions of this use case is the interaction of the Swarm learning component with the production control i.e., the integration with actuation functions beyond diagnostics. Following our HumAIne project for more information and practical insights from our Swarm Learning implementations, but also insights on their pros and cons when compared with other paradigms that foster human-AI collaboration.
Swarm Learning for Humans and Artificial Intelligence Systems Collaboration: Essentials and the HumAIne Approach
